Makogon gas hydrates 2010 free download as pdf file. Hydrate prevention during steady state production awajiogak anthony ujile. Gas hydrates are clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules of gas are occluded in crystalline cells, consisting of water molecules retained by the energy of hydrogen bonds. Us4424866a method for production of hydrocarbons from. The hydrocarbon gas composition and the isotopic pattern indicates that the. Phenomenological modeling of hydrate formation and. At the same time this information is of great value to the oil and gas industry. Effect of hydrates on sustaining reservoir pressure in a. The hydrocarbons are surrounded in an icelike solid which does not flow, but can grow rapidly to block flow lines and process equipment. I also thank professor yuri makogon for his help during my experiments at. That could be a potential solution for energy problems of our planet in the transition towards renewable energy sources. Gas hydrates and permafrost 299 perspectives for the development of gashydrate deposits yu. Introduction to hydrocarbons introduction to chemistry.
The cacl 2 cabr 2 solution dissolves the solid hydrates and thereby. Hydrates of hydrocarbons is the first book to address methods of hydrate removal and, most importantly, prevention of hydrate buildup. Natural gas hydrates a promising source of energy article pdf available in journal of natural gas science and engineering 21. As is true for all hydrocarbons, alkanes burn in air to produce carbon dioxide co2 and water h2o and release heat.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. These blockages were at first interpreted to be frozen water. Natural gas is a mixture of gases, rich in hydrocarbons formed from the buried fossils and plants under high pressure and temperature for thousands of years. The hydrocarbon deposits have stimulated worldwide efforts to understand gas production from hydrate dissociation in hydrate reservoirs well. Perspectives for the development of gashydrate deposits. In this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture of many dyes and drugs. Makogon, 1966 monterey canyon is a submarine canyon in monterey bay, california. Hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms are called alkanes or saturated hydrocarbons. The unit cell of structureii gas hydrate consists of 16 small dodecahedral and 8 large hexakaidecahedral voids formed by 6 water molecules. Gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds of water and methane that are. The hydrate formation temperature is independent of the freezing point of water, but is definitely dependent upon the system temperature, pressure, and composition.
In this study, for saline produced water treatment, design of experiment with two factors, the type of gas and electrical conductivity of initial brine solution ec 0 as a measure of salinity, were applied and removal efficiencies were analyzed. The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. This paper deals with the potential of gas hydrates as a source of energy which is widely available in permafrost and oceanic sediments. Information on their origin, properties and phase behavior is interesting from the point of view of physical chemistry. Alkanes hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds ex. All gases can form hydrates under different pressures and temperatures. Read formation of gas hydrates in a porous medium during an injection of cold gas, international journal of heat and mass transfer on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available. Petroleum hydrocarbons are chemical compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon that are constituents of petroleum and various refined products of petroleum, including automotive gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, and the like. Petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. Methane hydrates are icelike materials, which form at low temperature and high.
Biogenic origins of deep hydrocarbons types of hydrocarbons deep hydrocarbons include a rich diversity of organic chemical compounds in the form of petroleum deposits, including oil and gas in various reservoirs, bitumen in oil sands, coal and clathrate hydrates. Effects of hydrocarbons on the environment sciencing. Aliphatic compounds can be divided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, based on the presence of double or triple. Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon c and hydrogen h. Natural gas hydrate is an icelike substance which is sometimes called combustible ice since it can literally be lighted on fire and burned as fuel.
Natural gas is available in two phases hydrates and gas. As makogon 1974 indicated, the three main methods of hydrate dissociation are 1 depressurization, in which the pressure p is lowered to a level lower than the hydration pressure pe at the prevailing temperature t. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups called hydrocarbyls. Hydrocarbons can be classified as either aromatic or aliphatic compounds, depending on the presence of a benzene ring. Hydrates are a possibility in oilgas exploration, production, transportation, or processing, which involves water and molecules smaller than npentane. A collection of russian theories, experiments and field studies on natural gas hydrates is presented. Hydrate formation an overview sciencedirect topics. These topics will become increasingly important to the safety of operations as industry moves into the deeper parts of the gulf of mexico, where the colder temperatures. Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates. Natural gas hydrates and their potential for future energy supply. When small 180 psia, a water crystal form may appeara clathrate hydrate. In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon 620 hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides.
Collating this vast amount of information into one source, clathrate hydrates of natural gases, third edition presents a thoroughly updated, authoritative, and comprehensive description of all major aspects of natural gas clathrate. Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas. A hot supersaturated solution of cacl 2 or cabr 2, or a mixture thereof, is pumped under pressure down a wellbore and into a subsurface hydrate formation so as to hydrostatically fracture the formation. Index terms natural gas hydrates, hydrate structure, gas dehydration, cooling load optimization introduction. Addresses the problem of gas hydrates, solid crystalline compounds of water and methane similar to snow that form in and block gas wells and lines, and foul heat exchangers when the gas is cooled. They represent a huge hydrocarbon resource, which could supply the entire. Box 4381 houston, tx 77210 usa alexander malyshev tyumen russia abstract in this work we have formulated the set. The fact that all hydrocarbon combustions are exothermic is responsible for their widespread use as fuels. Diminishing petroleum supplies, regulatory problems, and environmental concerns constantly challenge chemists to rethink and redesign the industrial applications of hydrocarbons. Methane hydrates, then, are an immense resource of methane gas, and they could be exploited as fuels. Gas hydrates form and exist in reservoir under high.
At the pressurized and chilled interface of selected gases with water, crystalline hydrates nucleate within a thermodynamically determined temperaturepressure envelope. Hydrocarbons organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon. The major gaseous hydrocarbons are the alkanes methane natural gas, ch 4, ethane. Natural gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds formed by the reaction of hydrocarbon with water. M university abstract natural gashydrates is untraditional mineral energy, when natural gas exist in the reservoir in solid state makogon, 1965. These gas hydrates are crystals formed by water with natural gases and associated liquids, in a ratio 85 % mole water to 15 % hydrocarbons.
However, in the 1930s the cause of the problems was correctly 1. A method of recovering natural gas entrapped in frozen subsurface gas hydrate formations in arctic regions. M university abstract natural gas hydrates is untraditional mineral energy, when natural gas exist in the reservoir in solid state makogon, 1965. Pdf gas hydrates are clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules. The combustion of 2,2,4trimethylpentane is expressed by the following chemical equation. Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Throughout the 19th century hydrates were concocted in laboratories and remained mere experimental curiosities without practical applications. Hydrates or clathrates of hydrocarbons what is chemistry. Pdf natural gas hydrates a promising source of energy. It begins at the middle of the monterey bay, and extends 153 km into the pacific ocean where it terminates at the monterey canyon submarine fan, reaching depths of up to 3,600m below surface level at its deepest. Natural gas hydrates and their potential for future energy. To date, however, exploiting the energy stored in methane hydrates is a challenging engineering and environmental problem. Realworld reading link if you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used.
Formation of gas hydrates in a porous medium during an. Gas hydrate, natural gas, gas hydrate deposits, hydrate formation zone, hydrocarbon. Hydrate formation is a crystallization process involving gas, liquid, and solid phases. In cold weather, solid plugs would sometimes disrupt gas flow through pipelines. Hydrate research has expanded substantially over the past decade, resulting in more than 4,000 hydraterelated publications. Natural gas hydrates and their potential for future energy supply l. Review of exploration and production technology of natural. A study of formation and dissociation of gas hydrate core. Gas hydrate, natural gas, gas hydrate deposits, hydrate formation zone. The book provides solutions formulated for drilling, pipeline, and chemical engineers in both the onshore and offshore environments, as well as educators in advanced petroleum and chemical engineering courses.
The proposed hydrate formation and dissociation models describe fairly well the behavior of the experimental data for different experimental conditions and apparatus, while providing important insights into the mechanism of the. Natural gas production from methane hydrate deposits using c o 2. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. Hydrates of hydrocarbonspractical implications bureau. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. His name was entered in the state register of the ussr in 1969 for the scientific discovery of natural gas hydrates, with the priority date of 25 july 1961.
The book hydrocarbon is comprised of 9 chapters, covering different topics. Creating in gas hydrate state in porous reservoirs. Describes methods of removing and preventing hydrates in language suitable for drilling, pipeline, and chemical engineers and applicable in both onshore and offshore environments. Read in situ observation of gas hydrates growth hosted in porous media, chemical physics letters on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. In petroleum technology, gas hydrates are undesired compounds that may be formed. Makogon, hydrates of hydrocarbons, pennwell publishing co. In recent years, formation of gas hydrate has been considered as a suitable method for brine water desalination. He has discovered that hydrates of natural gas can accumulate as deposits in nature. As major components of oil, natural gas and pesticides, these substances contribute to the greenhouse effect and. Makogon is a world renowned expert on natural gas hydrates. Effect of gas type and salinity on performance of produced. Hydrocarbons and their transformations play major roles in chemistry as raw materials and sources of energy.
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